Industrialization — AP World History: Modern Notes

Industrialization is a significant topic that is often tested on the AP World History: Modern Exam. It refers to the process of developing industries and transforming societies from primarily agricultural to manufacturing and industrial.

Industrialization Definition—What is Industrialization?

Industrialization can be defined as the transition from an agrarian economy to one dominated by industry and manufacturing. It involves the adoption of new technologies, the establishment of factories, and the growth of urban centers.

Preconditions for Industrialization

There are several preconditions that contributed to the rise of industrialization. These include:

• An Agricultural Revolution: The development of new farming techniques and technologies increased agricultural productivity, allowing for surplus food production and population growth.
• Technological Innovations: The invention and improvement of machines, such as the spinning jenny and steam engine, revolutionized production processes and increased efficiency.

Effects of Industrialization

Industrialization had far-reaching effects on various aspects of society and the environment. Some of the notable effects include:

• Environmental Impact: The rapid growth of industries led to increased pollution and degradation of natural resources.
• Financial Institutions: Industrialization necessitated the development of new financial institutions, such as banks and stock exchanges, to support economic growth.
• Impact on Gender, Family, and Social Structures: The factory system and urbanization disrupted traditional gender roles and family structures, leading to new social dynamics.
• The Factory System: The establishment of factories and mass production methods revolutionized manufacturing and led to the growth of the working class.

Reactions to Industrialization

Industrialization sparked various reactions and ideologies. Some of the notable reactions include:

• Liberalism: Liberal thinkers advocated for individual rights, free markets, and limited government intervention.
• Socialism: Socialists argued for the collective ownership of the means of production and the redistribution of wealth.
• Unionism: Workers formed labor unions to protect their rights and advocate for better working conditions.
• Communism: Communists called for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society.
• Anarchism: Anarchists rejected all forms of government and advocated for a society based on voluntary cooperation.
• Romanticism: Romantic artists and writers criticized the negative effects of industrialization on nature and advocated for a return to simpler, more natural lifestyles.
• Conservatism: Conservative thinkers sought to preserve traditional social and political structures amidst the rapid changes brought about by industrialization.

5.3 Industrialization Begins

Unit 5.3 of AP World History focuses on the beginnings of industrialization. Key terms to review include the causes of the Industrial Revolution and the factory system.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was triggered by a combination of factors, such as:

• Technological Innovations: Inventions like the steam engine and power loom revolutionized production methods.

The Factory System

The factory system emerged as a key feature of the Industrial Revolution. It involved the concentration of workers and machinery in a centralized location, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.

5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

Unit 5.7 of AP World History focuses on the economic developments and innovations during the Industrial Age. Key terms to review include new economic philosophies, innovations in business, and the effects on mass culture.

New Economic Philosophies

The Industrial Age saw the emergence of new economic philosophies, such as capitalism and laissez-faire.

Innovations in Business

The Industrial Age witnessed various innovations in business, including the rise of transnational businesses and the development of financial instruments.

Effects on Mass Culture

The industrialization process had a profound impact on mass culture, leading to the rise of consumerism and the widening gap between social classes.

What is capitalism?

Capitalism is an economic system dominant in the Western world since the breakup of feudalism. It is characterized by privately owned means of production and guided by the operation of markets. Capitalism has undergone continuous development and has become the prevailing economic system in many countries.

Who invented capitalism?

The development of capitalism is the result of historical and intellectual contributions from various thinkers and events. It cannot be attributed to a single inventor or originator.

What are some criticisms of capitalism?

While capitalism has its merits, it also faces criticism. Some common criticisms include issues of income inequality, exploitation of labor, and the potential for market failures.

Which countries are capitalist?

Many countries around the world embrace elements of capitalism to varying degrees. Some notable examples include the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.

Is neoliberalism capitalist?

Neoliberalism is often associated with capitalist policies, such as deregulation and free market principles. However, it is important to note that neoliberalism encompasses a broader set of political and economic ideologies.